rs2294008 — PSCA Near gene (promoter)

Regulatory variant in the PSCA 5′ UTR that recruits the repressor YY1 to the promoter, suppressing PSCA expression in gastric epithelium and increasing susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer and gastric mucosal atrophy

See your personal result for PSCA

Upload your DNA data to find out which genotype you carry and what it means for you.

Upload your DNA data

Works with 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other DNA test exports. Results in under 60 seconds.

PSCA Promoter Variant — When the Stomach's Own Antigen Turns Against It

PSCA11 PSCA
Prostate stem cell antigen — a GPI-anchored cell surface glycoprotein of the Ly-6/uPAR superfamily; despite its name it is widely expressed in gastric, bladder, pancreatic, and intestinal epithelia, not just the prostate is a protein that decorates the surface of gastric epithelial cells and has roles in controlling cell proliferation, adhesion, and the epithelial response to bacterial colonisation. rs2294008 sits in the 5′ UTR22 5′ UTR
The untranslated region immediately upstream of the coding sequence; variants here can alter promoter activity and mRNA stability without changing the protein itself of PSCA, and the T allele at this position creates a binding site for a transcriptional repressor that silences the gene. The result: less PSCA on the gastric surface, a weakened epithelial barrier, and a meaningfully elevated risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer33 diffuse-type gastric cancer
One of the two major histological subtypes; diffuse-type infiltrates the stomach wall without forming a discrete mass, tends to arise in younger individuals, and carries a worse prognosis than intestinal-type gastric cancer.

The Mechanism

The T allele at rs2294008 generates a consensus recognition sequence for YY144 YY1
Yin Yang 1 — a ubiquitous Polycomb-group transcription factor that can act as either an activator or a repressor depending on its co-factors; at the PSCA promoter it recruits Polycomb repressive complexes within 200 base pairs of the PSCA transcription start site. Functional studies demonstrated that this YY1 binding site is sufficient to suppress promoter activity: when the binding sequence was disrupted experimentally, transcriptional activity was fully restored to the level seen with the C allele. In gastric tissue from T/T homozygotes, PSCA mRNA and protein are demonstrably lower than in C/C individuals.

Helicobacter pylori compounds the genetic suppression. The bacterium independently downregulates PSCA expression (p = 5.1 × 10⁻⁸ across paired infected and eradicated samples), and T allele carriers show a steeper drop in PSCA protein specifically in severe gastritis compared to mild gastritis — a pattern not seen in C/C individuals. When H. pylori eradication therapy is given, PSCA expression partially recovers, but T allele carriers begin from a lower baseline. This additive suppression creates a dual vulnerability: less surface PSCA to regulate epithelial proliferation, and a more permissive microenvironment for oncogenic transformation.

The functional consequence matters most for diffuse-type gastric cancer55 diffuse-type gastric cancer
Characterised by single cells or small clusters invading the lamina propria rather than forming glands; often called signet ring cell carcinoma in its most extreme form; associated with CDH1 mutations and loss of E-cadherin expression and for gastric mucosal atrophy, an early precancerous lesion. In T/T individuals with confirmed H. pylori infection, the risk of mucosal atrophy — the first step in the Correa cascade toward cancer — is approximately 2.1-fold higher than in C/C individuals.

The Evidence

The foundational study is a two-stage GWAS66 two-stage GWAS
Sakamoto H et al. Genetic variation in PSCA is associated with susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer. Nature Genetics, 2008 in Japanese and Korean populations (total >2,100 cases and controls). The allele-specific odds ratio for T in the Korean validation cohort was 1.90 (95% CI 1.56–2.33, p = 8.01 × 10⁻¹¹), with the association confined to diffuse-type and not seen in intestinal-type gastric cancer. Mechanistic follow-up in the same study showed that the T allele region had lower transcriptional activity in reporter assays.

Across European populations, the T allele association was confirmed in a Spanish case-control study77 case-control study
García-González MA et al. Association of PSCA rs2294008 gene variants with poor prognosis and increased susceptibility to gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2015 of 603 gastric cancer patients and 675 healthy controls (OR 1.46 for the T allele; OR 1.59 specifically for diffuse-type). Notably, the T variant was also associated with worse overall survival in diffuse-type patients (hazard ratio 1.85, 95% CI 1.12–3.06), suggesting an effect not only on initiation but on tumour biology.

A meta-analysis88 meta-analysis
Geng P et al. Association between PSCA rs2294008 C>T polymorphism and cancer risk. PLoS ONE, 2015 of 21 studies (27,197 cases, 48,237 controls) found TT vs CC OR = 1.18 (95% CI 1.10–1.27) and T allele OR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.06–1.14), with consistent findings across gastric and bladder cancer. The largest pooled analysis99 pooled analysis
Wang X et al. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 2023 (45 articles, 37,586 cases, 51,197 controls) confirmed an overall cancer OR of 1.206 for TT vs CC and found that PSCA protein expression was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissue than in adjacent normal mucosa.

The most striking effect size comes from the gene-gene interaction study. Saeki et al. 2011 demonstrated that individuals carrying risk alleles at both rs2294008 (PSCA) and rs4072037 (MUC1) face an OR of approximately 8.38 for diffuse-type gastric cancer — far exceeding the individual effects of either SNP alone.

For bladder cancer, the T allele shows a parallel but weaker association: OR approximately 1.14–1.23 in meta-analyses, with stronger effects in Asian populations. PSCA is expressed on urothelial cells and bladder cancer tissue, consistent with a shared biological mechanism.

Practical Implications

For T allele carriers, the primary actionable target is H. pylori infection. Eradication in infected individuals reduces gastric cancer incidence by roughly 35–45% in the general population; in T allele carriers with already-suppressed PSCA, the absolute benefit is likely higher because the baseline mucosal vulnerability is genetically amplified. The non-invasive urea breath test or stool antigen test is the preferred diagnostic — serology should be avoided because it cannot distinguish active from past infection.

For T/T homozygotes, upper endoscopy is worth discussing with a gastroenterologist, particularly in the presence of any family history of gastric cancer, chronic gastritis symptoms, or residence in a high-incidence region (East Asia, Eastern Europe, parts of Central and South America). Diffuse-type gastric cancer does not reliably pass through detectable precancerous stages visible to the naked eye, so symptom awareness matters between scheduled endoscopies.

Dietary sulforaphane (broccoli sprouts) has direct anti-H. pylori activity and supports Nrf2-mediated mucosal protection through a pathway independent of PSCA expression, making it a relevant complement to surveillance for T allele carriers.

Interactions

The most clinically important interaction is with rs4072037 (MUC1) and its proxy rs2070803 (MUC1). PSCA and MUC1 contribute to complementary mucosal defence mechanisms — PSCA regulates epithelial cell proliferation and adhesion, while MUC1 provides the glycoprotein barrier against bacterial attachment. When both pathways are compromised by risk genotypes, the combined OR of ~8.38 for diffuse-type gastric cancer (Saeki et al. 2011) represents a multiplicative interaction that substantially exceeds the individual signals.

rs2976392 is an intronic PSCA variant in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2294008 and was the lead SNP in the original Sakamoto 2008 GWAS (OR 1.62 for the Japanese cohort). The two SNPs tag the same risk haplotype; most studies use rs2294008 as the surrogate because it is the functional variant.

H. pylori infection further compounds the genetic risk: the bacterium independently suppresses PSCA expression, and T allele carriers show a disproportionate decline in PSCA with progressive gastritis (OR 3.88 for gastritis severity progression in infected individuals).

Genotype Interpretations

What each possible genotype means for this variant.

CC Normal PSCA Expression Normal

Protective genotype — normal PSCA expression, lower gastric cancer risk

You carry two copies of the C allele (CC genotype), which is associated with normal PSCA expression in the gastric epithelium. This is the lower-risk genotype for diffuse-type gastric cancer. The C allele does not create the YY1 repressor binding site, so PSCA transcription proceeds without the epigenetic suppression seen in T allele carriers. Approximately 31% of people globally share this genotype, with somewhat higher frequency in populations of European and South Asian descent.

Your gastric epithelium has normal PSCA surface protein levels, supporting healthy cell-cycle regulation and epithelial integrity. This does not eliminate gastric cancer risk entirely — environmental factors including H. pylori infection, dietary sodium, smoking, and family history remain important — but your genetic baseline at this locus is protective.

CT One PSCA Risk Allele Intermediate

One T risk allele — moderately reduced PSCA expression, mildly elevated gastric cancer risk

The additive inheritance of the T allele means that one YY1 binding site is introduced at the PSCA promoter, but the remaining C-allele copy continues to support baseline PSCA transcription. This partial compensation explains the intermediate risk profile. Functional data from tissue studies confirm a dose- dependent relationship: CC individuals have the highest gastric PSCA expression, CT individuals are intermediate, and TT individuals have the lowest.

In the García-González et al. 2015 Spanish cohort (603 gastric cancer patients, 675 controls), the T allele as a whole (including heterozygotes) conferred OR 1.46 for gastric cancer, with the strongest association in the diffuse histological subtype (OR 1.59). Heterozygous individuals also appeared in the improved survival analysis, where the T variant track predicted worse prognosis — suggesting the allele influences tumour biology, not only initiation.

The additional context of H. pylori infection is particularly relevant: the Toyoshima et al. 2017 study showed that H. pylori-infected T allele carriers progress to severe gastritis at a higher rate than infected CC individuals (OR 3.88 for CT+TT combined). Eradicating the infection largely eliminates this differential risk trajectory.

TT Reduced PSCA Expression High Risk

Two T risk alleles — significantly suppressed PSCA expression, elevated diffuse-type gastric cancer risk

The TT genotype produces the lowest PSCA surface density in gastric epithelium. Mechanistically, both PSCA promoter copies recruit YY1 repressor complexes, silencing the gene. The published tissue data confirm that TT individuals have significantly less PSCA immunostaining in gastric mucosa than CT or CC individuals, and that PSCA expression is further reduced in gastric cancer tissue relative to adjacent normal mucosa.

The interaction with H. pylori is particularly dangerous in TT individuals. The Toyoshima et al. 2017 study demonstrated that H. pylori infection independently reduces PSCA expression across all genotypes (p = 5.1 × 10⁻⁸), but T allele carriers show steeper decline specifically in severe versus mild gastritis — a dose-dependent interaction absent in CC individuals. The combined effect of genetic suppression plus bacterial suppression substantially exceeds either alone.

The risk is subtype-specific: TT is a risk factor for diffuse-type gastric cancer (also called signet ring cell carcinoma in its extreme form), not intestinal-type. Diffuse-type is the more aggressive subtype: it spreads through the stomach wall without a visible mass, is harder to detect endoscopically until advanced, and carries worse 5-year survival. Crucially, in the García-González et al. 2015 cohort, the T allele was also an independent predictor of worse survival in diffuse-type patients after diagnosis (HR 1.85), suggesting a role in tumour aggressiveness.

For bladder cancer, TT confers a secondary risk elevation (~1.18–1.21 OR in meta-analyses). PSCA is expressed in normal urothelium and is often downregulated in bladder cancer. TT individuals with haematuria or other urological symptoms warrant prompt evaluation.

The most dangerous combined profile is TT at rs2294008 (PSCA) plus AA at rs2070803 or homozygous risk at rs4072037 (MUC1): published data show this two-locus combination carries an OR of approximately 8.38 for diffuse-type gastric cancer.