rs17857135 — RNF213 Met270Thr

Missense variant (Met270Thr) in RNF213, the major moyamoya disease susceptibility gene; the C allele reached genome-wide significance for migraine risk (OR=1.06), linking vascular remodeling genetics to common headache disorders

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RNF213 Met270Thr — When the Moyamoya Gene Shapes Migraine Risk

The RNF213 gene encodes a massive 591-kilodalton protein that sits at the intersection of vascular biology and immune function. Best known as the primary genetic determinant of moyamoya disease11 moyamoya disease
a progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterised by stenosis of the terminal internal carotid arteries and compensatory collateral vessel formation, resembling a "puff of smoke" on angiography, RNF213 variants have now been linked to the much more common condition of migraine — pointing to shared neurovascular mechanisms across a spectrum of cerebrovascular pathology.

The Met270Thr change sits in the N-terminal region of RNF213, distant from the C-terminal AAA+ ATPase domain where the high-penetrance East Asian founder mutation p.R4810K resides. Unlike R4810K — which carries an extraordinary odds ratio of ~190 for moyamoya disease in Japanese cohorts — Met270Thr carries a modest effect on migraine risk (OR=1.06) and is classified as benign in ClinVar for moyamoya disease itself. Yet its genome-wide significant association with migraine in one of the largest headache genetics studies ever conducted suggests it tags something real about vascular regulation and headache susceptibility.

The Mechanism

RNF213 acts as an unconventional E3 ubiquitin ligase with intrinsic ATPase activity. It participates in multiple converging roles: regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, controlling lipid metabolism, modulating cerebral blood flow, and responding to inflammatory and hypoxic stimuli. In endothelial cells, the protein is required for normal arterial wall formation — loss-of-function models show impaired vascular remodeling under stress conditions (carotid ligation), with defective adaptive responses that mirror, in attenuated form, the negative remodeling pattern seen in moyamoya arteries.

The Met270Thr substitution replaces a methionine with a more hydrophilic threonine at position 270 of the protein. This N-terminal region is less functionally characterized than the disease-critical C-terminal ATPase domain, but the missense change likely modulates the protein's ubiquitin ligase activity or protein-protein interaction surfaces. RNF213's established role in the Hippo pathway22 Hippo pathway
a conserved signalling cascade regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and vascular morphogenesis; loss of RNF213 activates the YAP/TAZ effectors, driving pathological endothelial proliferation provides a plausible molecular link between impaired RNF213 function and the neurovascular dysfunction that underlies migraine.

Migraine pathophysiology itself implicates vascular and central nervous system tissue types — a finding confirmed by enrichment analyses in the large-scale migraine GWAS. RNF213's role in regulating intracranial arterial calibre and the response of vessel walls to haemodynamic stress positions the Met270Thr variant as a plausible contributor to the cerebrovascular component of migraine susceptibility.

The Evidence

The primary evidence for rs17857135 in migraine comes from the Gormley et al. 2016 meta-analysis33 the Gormley et al. 2016 meta-analysis
Gormley P et al. Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine. Nature Genetics, 2016, which analysed 59,674 migraine cases and 316,078 controls across 22 studies. The C allele at rs17857135 reached p=5×10⁻¹⁰ with an odds ratio of 1.06 and a risk allele frequency of 0.17 — placing it firmly in the genome-wide significant tier alongside 37 other loci mapping to vascular and central nervous system pathways.

An independent replication signal at the RNF213 locus emerged from the Hsu et al. 2023 genome-phenome-wide association study44 the Hsu et al. 2023 genome-phenome-wide association study
Hsu WT et al. Genome-phenome wide association study of broadly defined headache. Brain Communications, 2023 in 108,855 Han Chinese participants from the Taiwan Biobank (12,026 headache cases). The lead variant at the RNF213 locus, rs8072917, reached OR=1.08, p=4.49×10⁻⁸; fine-mapping confirmed this as the most likely causal variant in this population, with the RNF213 gene region representing one of the strongest associations for broadly defined headache in Han Chinese.

The broader context for RNF213 in cerebrovascular disease is well-established. The gene was first identified as the moyamoya disease locus through twin GWAS in 2011: Kamada et al.55 Kamada et al.
Kamada F et al. A genome-wide association study identifies RNF213 as the first Moyamoya disease gene. J Hum Genet, 2011 and Liu et al.66 Liu et al.
Liu W et al. Identification of RNF213 as a susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease and its possible role in vascular development. PLoS One, 2011, collectively demonstrating that RNF213 loss-of-function impairs the arterial remodeling that sustains cerebrovascular perfusion.

Practical Actions

The OR of 1.06 for migraine associated with rs17857135-C is clinically modest at the individual level — about a 6% relative increase in migraine odds per allele. However, the mechanism it implicates is actionable: RNF213 variants affect intracranial vascular tone and endothelial function, suggesting that interventions targeting vascular health are particularly relevant for C-allele carriers with migraine. These include cerebrovascular monitoring if migraine attacks change in character or frequency, and awareness that migraine with aura specifically is a recognised independent stroke risk factor.

For CC homozygotes (the top-risk genotype at this locus), the cerebrovascular connection warrants closer clinical attention: any new focal neurological symptoms accompanying headache should prompt early neuroimaging to exclude transient ischaemic attack or moyamoya-pattern vascular changes, even though this variant is itself benign for frank moyamoya disease.

Interactions

RNF213 Met270Thr is distinct from the high-penetrance moyamoya variants in RNF213 (particularly p.R4810K, which is absent from this SNP). However, the same gene's vascular biology creates a plausible pathway interaction with other migraine-associated loci involved in neurovascular function, including CACNA1A (calcium channel) variants that affect trigeminovascular signalling. The RNF213 locus signal for headache appears independent in both European and Han Chinese populations, suggesting it is not merely a proxy for other vascular variants.

Carriers of rs17857135-C who also have migraine with aura carry a compounded cerebrovascular risk profile: aura itself is associated with increased stroke risk, and the RNF213 vascular remodeling pathway adds a second, mechanistically distinct vulnerability. This interaction is worth discussing with a neurologist if both are present.

Genotype Interpretations

What each possible genotype means for this variant.

TT Reference Genotype Normal

Common reference genotype — no elevated migraine risk from this RNF213 variant

You carry two copies of the T reference allele at rs17857135 in the RNF213 gene. This is the most common genotype, present in approximately 67% of the global population. You do not carry the C risk allele associated with elevated migraine susceptibility at this locus. Your RNF213 Met270 coding sequence is the population-standard form, and this specific variant does not contribute to elevated cerebrovascular or migraine risk.

CT One Risk Allele Intermediate

One C risk allele — modestly elevated migraine susceptibility through RNF213 vascular pathway

RNF213 is primarily known as the major moyamoya disease gene, but the Met270Thr variant at rs17857135 is classified as benign for moyamoya disease in ClinVar. The migraine association instead likely reflects this variant's modest influence on RNF213's role in intracranial vascular tone and endothelial remodeling.

The OR of 1.06 places this variant among the common-variant migraine risk factors with small individual effect sizes — typical of complex trait GWAS. Its clinical relevance lies primarily in the vascular mechanism it implicates: people with migraine and RNF213 variant status may benefit from closer monitoring if migraine attacks evolve in character, particularly if aura symptoms develop or become more prominent. Migraine with aura is an independent risk factor for ischaemic stroke, and RNF213 variants are independently associated with intracranial arterial vulnerability.

CC Two Risk Alleles High Risk

Two C risk alleles — highest migraine susceptibility at this RNF213 locus, with heightened cerebrovascular monitoring priority

RNF213 encodes a 591-kDa ubiquitin E3 ligase critical for cerebrovascular homeostasis. While the Met270Thr variant is benign for frank moyamoya disease, homozygous carriers carry the maximum allele dose at a locus where the gene's vascular remodeling function is implicated in migraine pathophysiology.

The cerebrovascular surveillance priority is higher for CC homozygotes than for CT carriers. The combination of two Met270Thr alleles with migraine — particularly migraine with aura — places this individual at the intersection of two independent risk signals for cerebrovascular events: the aura-stroke link established in population studies, and the RNF213 vascular remodeling pathway now confirmed in multiple GWAS. Prompt evaluation of any new focal neurological symptoms is especially important in this genotype context.