rs1800562 — HFE C282Y

Primary variant causing hereditary hemochromatosis type 1, disrupting iron regulation and hepcidin signaling

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HFE C282Y — The Iron Overload Variant

The HFE gene encodes the hereditary hemochromatosis protein11 hereditary hemochromatosis protein
A membrane protein structurally similar to MHC class I molecules that regulates iron absorption by sensing blood iron levels and modulating hepcidin expression, a key regulator of iron homeostasis. A single G-to-A change at nucleotide 845 replaces cysteine with tyrosine at position 282 of the protein, destroying a critical disulfide bond in the alpha-3 domain22 alpha-3 domain
The immunoglobulin-like C1-set domain that mediates binding to beta-2 microglobulin, essential for proper protein folding and cell surface expression. This variant — universally known as C282Y — is the primary cause of hereditary hemochromatosis type 1, the most common autosomal recessive condition in people of European descent.

The Mechanism

HFE normally forms a complex with beta-2 microglobulin33 beta-2 microglobulin
A small protein that stabilizes MHC class I and class I-like molecules, enabling their transport to the cell surface and travels to the cell surface, where it interacts with transferrin receptors (TfR1 and TfR2) to sense circulating iron levels. When iron is sufficient, this signaling cascade stimulates the liver to produce hepcidin44 hepcidin
The master iron-regulatory hormone; it blocks ferroportin, the only known cellular iron exporter, thereby reducing iron absorption from the gut and iron release from macrophages, which in turn blocks iron absorption from the intestine by degrading ferroportin55 ferroportin
The sole known iron export channel on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages on gut cells.

The C282Y mutation prevents HFE from binding beta-2 microglobulin. Without this partner, the protein cannot fold correctly, never reaches the cell surface, and accumulates uselessly inside the cell. The result is a broken iron sensor: the liver produces inappropriately low hepcidin regardless of how much iron is already in the body. With the brake removed, the gut absorbs 2-3 times more dietary iron than normal, and macrophages release stored iron unchecked. Over decades, this excess iron deposits in the liver, heart, pancreas, and joints.

The Evidence

The landmark 1996 discovery66 landmark 1996 discovery
Feder JN et al. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet, 1996 by Feder and colleagues identified the HFE gene and found C282Y homozygosity in 83% of hereditary hemochromatosis patients. This remains the most common genetic cause of iron overload worldwide.

The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study77 Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
Allen KJ et al. Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med, 2008 followed 31,192 persons of European descent for 12 years. Among 203 C282Y homozygotes, iron-overload-related disease developed in 28.4% of men but only 1.2% of women — highlighting the dramatic sex difference in clinical penetrance. Men are far more vulnerable because they lack the protective iron losses from menstruation.

A UK Biobank analysis88 UK Biobank analysis
Pilling LC et al. Common conditions associated with hereditary haemochromatosis genetic variants: cohort study in UK Biobank. BMJ, 2019 of 451,243 participants confirmed that C282Y homozygous men have significantly higher rates of liver disease (HR 2.22), diabetes (HR 1.72), and arthritis compared with non-carriers. Hemochromatosis was diagnosed in 21.7% of homozygous men by end of follow-up.

A meta-analysis of 43 study populations99 meta-analysis of 43 study populations
Bacon BR et al. Hemochromatosis genotypes and risk of iron overload — a meta-analysis. Genet Med, 2011 pooling 9,986 cases and 25,492 controls established C282Y homozygosity as the overwhelmingly dominant genetic risk factor for both biochemical and clinical iron overload.

Practical Implications

For AA (C282Y homozygous) individuals: you carry the highest-risk genotype for hereditary hemochromatosis. Regular serum ferritin and transferrin saturation monitoring is essential. If iron levels are elevated, therapeutic phlebotomy (regular blood removal) is the standard treatment and is highly effective when started before organ damage occurs. Limit iron-fortified foods and high-dose vitamin C supplements, which enhance iron absorption. Avoid excess red meat and iron-containing multivitamins.

For AG (heterozygous carrier) individuals: you carry one copy of C282Y. Your iron levels may run slightly higher than average, which is generally benign and may even protect against iron deficiency anemia. Routine ferritin screening every few years is reasonable. Significant iron overload from heterozygosity alone is rare.

For GG (wild-type) individuals: you have normal HFE function at this locus. Standard dietary iron recommendations apply.

Interactions

The most clinically significant interaction is with H63D (rs1799945)1010 H63D (rs1799945)
HFE H63D is a milder variant in the same gene; compound heterozygosity (one C282Y + one H63D) confers a small risk of mild iron overload in the same gene. Compound heterozygosity — carrying one C282Y allele and one H63D allele — produces a mildly elevated risk of iron overload, though far less than C282Y homozygosity. A study of compound heterozygotes1111 study of compound heterozygotes
Walsh A et al. HFE C282Y/H63D compound heterozygotes are at low risk of hemochromatosis-related morbidity. Hepatology, 2009 found that documented iron-overload-related disease occurred in only about 1-2% of C282Y/H63D compound heterozygotes, similar to wild-type rates. However, mean serum ferritin and transferrin saturation were significantly elevated compared with non-carriers, so monitoring remains reasonable.

If a user carries C282Y heterozygous (AG at rs1800562) plus H63D heterozygous (CG at rs1799945), a compound implication should advise periodic ferritin monitoring, as the combination slightly amplifies iron absorption beyond either variant alone. This interaction is well-documented but low-penetrance.

Nutrient Interactions

iron increased_need
vitamin C altered_metabolism

Genotype Interpretations

What each possible genotype means for this variant.

GG Normal Iron Regulation Normal

Normal HFE function — standard iron regulation

With two functional copies of HFE, your iron-sensing pathway operates normally. The HFE protein binds beta-2 microglobulin, travels to the cell surface, and interacts with transferrin receptors to monitor circulating iron levels. When iron is sufficient, hepcidin production increases appropriately, limiting further absorption from the gut.

This genotype does not eliminate all risk of iron overload — other rare HFE variants, non-HFE hemochromatosis genes, and conditions like chronic liver disease or repeated transfusions can still cause iron accumulation. But genetically, you are at baseline risk.

AG Carrier Carrier

One copy of C282Y — carrier with mildly elevated iron absorption

With one functional and one non-functional HFE allele, your iron sensing pathway operates at reduced but adequate capacity. Studies show heterozygous carriers have modestly higher mean serum iron and transferrin saturation compared with wild-type individuals, but ferritin levels typically remain within normal range.

Interestingly, heterozygous carrier status may confer a mild protective advantage against iron deficiency anemia, particularly in women of reproductive age. This potential benefit is thought to have driven the high carrier frequency in European populations through positive selection.

The clinical penetrance of heterozygous C282Y is approximately 3% for any iron-related symptoms. Significant iron overload in simple heterozygotes is usually explained by co-inheritance of a second HFE variant (H63D or rare mutations), or by co-existing liver disease or heavy alcohol use.

AA Homozygous C282Y Homozygous

Two copies of C282Y — high risk for hereditary hemochromatosis

C282Y homozygosity eliminates functional HFE protein from the cell surface. Without proper iron sensing, hepcidin production stays inappropriately low, and your intestines absorb 2-3 times more dietary iron than normal. Over decades, this excess iron accumulates in the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and endocrine glands.

Biochemical penetrance is very high: 94% of homozygous men show elevated transferrin saturation, and 88% have elevated serum ferritin. However, clinical penetrance — the rate of actual organ damage — is lower and strongly sex-dependent. The UK Biobank study of 451,243 participants found hemochromatosis diagnosed in 21.7% of homozygous men but only 9.8% of women by follow-up. Hazard ratios for male homozygotes were 2.22 for liver disease and 1.72 for diabetes compared with non-carriers.

The dramatic sex difference reflects the protective effect of menstrual iron loss in women. After menopause, women's risk rises. Other modifiers include alcohol consumption (accelerates liver damage), hepatitis C co-infection, and dietary iron intake.

The good news: hereditary hemochromatosis is one of the most treatable genetic conditions. Therapeutic phlebotomy (removing ~500 mL of blood regularly) depletes excess iron stores. When started before cirrhosis develops, life expectancy is normal.