rs28371706 — CYP2D6 *17

Decreased-function CYP2D6 allele common in African populations, reducing metabolism of antidepressants, antipsychotics, opioids, and tamoxifen

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CYP2D6*17 — The African-Ancestry Reduced Metabolizer Allele

CYP2D6 is the body's workhorse for metabolizing about 25% of all clinical medications — antidepressants, antipsychotics, opioid analgesics, and the breast cancer drug tamoxifen among them. The *17 allele 11 rs28371706, defining the CYP2D6*17 haplotype together with p.Cys296Arg and p.Ser486Thr is the most clinically significant reduced-function variant in populations of sub-Saharan African ancestry, where it occurs in roughly 16% of alleles compared to under 0.3% in Europeans.

The Mechanism

The CYP2D6*17 haplotype carries three coding changes; the defining missense is p.Thr107Ile22 p.Thr107Ile
threonine-to-isoleucine substitution at residue 107 of the CYP2D6 protein. This substitution lies in the substrate recognition region of the enzyme and reduces catalytic efficiency without completely abolishing function. The *17 enzyme is present in normal amounts but processes its substrates more slowly. In the CPIC activity score system33 CPIC activity score system
Gaedigk A et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2008, the *17 allele is assigned a value of 0.5 — half that of the normal *1 allele (1.0) and above the non-functional *4 allele (0.0). A diplotype of *1/*17 yields a total score of 1.5 (intermediate metabolizer), while *17/*17 gives 1.0 — still classified as intermediate but at the lower end.

The Evidence

A pharmacokinetics study of 42 healthy Black Zimbabweans by Kanji et al.44 Kanji et al.
Pharmacokinetics of Tamoxifen and Its Major Metabolites and the Effect of the African Ancestry Specific CYP2D6*17 Variant. J Pers Med, 2023 found that individuals homozygous for CYP2D6*17 had a 5-fold lower maximum concentration (Cmax) of endoxifen — the active metabolite of tamoxifen that suppresses estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer — compared to heterozygous carriers (who showed a 2-fold reduction). A separate study by Marasanapalle et al.55 Marasanapalle et al.
Differences in pharmacokinetics of desipramine and dextromethorphan in African subjects carrying CYP2D6*17 and *29. J Clin Pharmacol, 2024 showed CYP2D6*17 homozygotes were 5-10× slower at metabolizing both desipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) and dextromethorphan (a CYP2D6 probe drug), confirming clinically meaningful impairment. In Zimbabwe, Mapira et al.66 Mapira et al.
CYP2D6*17 frequency of 15.9% in Zimbabwean sickle cell disease patients. Pharmacogenomics, 2023 found CYP2D6*17 at a 15.9% allele frequency in sickle cell disease patients — a population for whom opioid analgesics are frequently prescribed.

A 2025 study of 208 African risperidone users by Kehinde et al.77 Kehinde et al.
CYP2D6 *17 and *29 Allele Activity for Risperidone Metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2025 highlighted a complication: the *17 allele's activity appears substrate-specific, meaning its functional impact differs depending on which drug is being metabolized. For risperidone, *17 carriers did not fit neatly into the intermediate metabolizer bucket predicted by the standard activity score. This underscores the importance of population-specific, drug-specific pharmacogenomic research for *17 carriers.

Practical Implications

For carriers of one or two *17 alleles, several CPIC-guideline-covered drugs are directly affected. The CPIC tamoxifen guideline88 CPIC tamoxifen guideline
Goetz MP et al. CPIC Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2018 recommends that intermediate metabolizers consider dose escalation to 40 mg/day (from the standard 20 mg/day) to achieve endoxifen levels sufficient for breast cancer suppression. For opioids, the CPIC opioid guideline99 CPIC opioid guideline
Crews KR et al. CPIC Guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT Genotypes and Select Opioid Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2021 notes that codeine and tramadol may provide reduced efficacy in intermediate metabolizers.

Interactions

CYP2D6 phenotype is determined by the combined diplotype across both alleles. A person carrying one *17 allele and one *4 allele (rs3892097) — a non-functional allele common in Europeans — would have an activity score of 0.5 + 0.0 = 0.5, placing them in the poor metabolizer range where CPIC recommends avoiding codeine and tramadol entirely. The combination of *17 with *10 (rs1065852, common in East Asian populations) gives 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75, still intermediate but lower-functioning than *17 alone. Since genome-wide testing may capture each variant independently, the clinical phenotype depends on reading all CYP2D6 markers together through a formal diplotype report.

Drug Interactions

codeine reduced_efficacy CPIC
tramadol reduced_efficacy CPIC
tamoxifen reduced_efficacy CPIC
nortriptyline dose_adjustment CPIC
amitriptyline dose_adjustment CPIC
desipramine dose_adjustment CPIC
imipramine dose_adjustment CPIC
paroxetine dose_adjustment CPIC
fluoxetine dose_adjustment CPIC
venlafaxine dose_adjustment CPIC
atomoxetine dose_adjustment CPIC
risperidone dose_adjustment literature
metoprolol dose_adjustment DPWG
dextromethorphan dose_adjustment literature

Genotype Interpretations

What each possible genotype means for this variant.

GG Normal Metabolizer Normal

Normal CYP2D6 activity at this position

The CYP2D6*17 allele is rare outside Africa, so most people tested on consumer genotyping platforms will carry two copies of the reference G allele here. Having GG at rs28371706 does not guarantee normal CYP2D6 function overall — other variants such as rs3892097 (*4) and rs1065852 (*10) can independently impair the enzyme. A full CYP2D6 diplotype report integrates all tested variants to assign an overall activity score and metabolizer phenotype.

AG Intermediate Metabolizer Intermediate

Carries one CYP2D6*17 allele — reduced enzyme activity

The clinical impact of one *17 allele depends on what is on the other CYP2D6 chromosome. Paired with a fully functional *1 or *2 allele, you are an intermediate metabolizer with an activity score around 1.5 — mild impairment that may affect drug selection and dosing for a handful of medications. Paired with a non-functional allele such as *4 (rs3892097), your score drops to 0.5, pushing you toward poor metabolizer territory where stronger precautions apply.

A 2023 pharmacokinetics study found heterozygous CYP2D6*17 carriers had a 2-fold reduction in maximum endoxifen concentrations from tamoxifen compared to non-carriers, a clinically relevant difference for breast cancer prevention efficacy.

AA Poor Metabolizer Poor

Two CYP2D6*17 alleles — substantially reduced enzyme activity

Despite having an activity score of 1.0, CYP2D6*17 homozygotes behave functionally like poor or lower-intermediate metabolizers for several key drug substrates. A 2024 clinical study found homozygous *17 carriers had 5-10× slower metabolism of both desipramine and dextromethorphan compared to individuals with two functional alleles. A 2023 tamoxifen study found a 5-fold reduction in maximum endoxifen concentrations — a difference that is clinically meaningful for breast cancer treatment outcomes.

The activity score system was calibrated primarily in European and East Asian populations; the *17 allele's substrate-specific effects mean that its impact can differ by drug, and emerging research (including a 2025 risperidone study) is refining how *17 homozygosity is translated into clinical recommendations.