rs806368 — CNR1

3'UTR variant in the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene that regulates CB1 expression in the brain and modulates vulnerability to cannabis, alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine dependence, as well as impulsivity and emotional reactivity

See your personal result for CNR1

Upload your DNA data to find out which genotype you carry and what it means for you.

Upload your DNA data

Works with 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other DNA test exports. Results in under 60 seconds.

The Cannabis Receptor Gateway — How a Brain Regulator Shapes Addiction Vulnerability

The endocannabinoid system is one of the most pervasive modulatory systems in the human brain. At its center sits CB111 CB1
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 — a G-protein-coupled receptor that, when activated, inhibits neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals across the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, encoded by the CNR1 gene on chromosome 6. CB1 is the most abundant G-protein-coupled receptor in the central nervous system, serving as the primary target for the body's own endocannabinoid ligands — anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) — and the same receptor that THC from cannabis activates. How much CB1 is expressed, and where, shapes how powerfully drugs and reward-related experiences activate the brain's reinforcement circuits.

The rs806368 variant sits in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)22 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)
The non-coding region at the end of a gene's mRNA that contains regulatory sequences controlling how much protein is produced, how stable the mRNA is, and where in the cell it is translated of CNR1. Rather than changing the CB1 receptor protein itself, this variant alters gene regulation — specifically, it controls the production of a novel CNR1 transcript that is expressed throughout the brain's reward and emotional processing circuits.

The Mechanism

Rs806368 functions as an eQTL33 eQTL
Expression quantitative trait locus — a genetic variant that explains variation in the level of mRNA expression for a nearby gene. eQTLs are a key class of functional variants linking GWAS associations to biological mechanisms for a previously unknown CNR1 transcript variant. A landmark brain expression study44 brain expression study
Tao R et al. Cannabinoid receptor CNR1 expression and DNA methylation in human prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and caudate in brain development and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry, 2020 identified rs806368 as the top eQTL for this novel transcript across three brain regions: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex55 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
DLPFC — a region critical for executive function, impulse control, and working memory (p = 8.42E-06), hippocampus (p = 4.46E-08), and caudate nucleus (p = 7.29E-08). The novel transcript contains an alternative 5' exon that is 48 nucleotides longer than the canonical form and harbors approximately 40 transcription factor binding sites — including three STAT protein binding sites not present in the standard transcript. The minor C allele, paradoxically the risk allele in substance dependence research, is associated with lower expression of this novel transcript, suggesting that reduced CB1 receptor levels in key brain circuits may heighten vulnerability to substance reinforcement.

The Evidence

Substance dependence vulnerability. The first comprehensive study of rs806368 in addiction was by Zuo et al. 200766 Zuo et al. 2007
Zuo L et al. CNR1 variation modulates risk for drug and alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry, 2007 in 1,001 European and African American individuals. Rs806368 (labeled SNP8) showed the highest linkage disequilibrium signals, and interaction between rs806368 and a second CNR1 variant (rs6454674/SNP3) produced p-values of 0.0002 for drug dependence alone and 0.007 for alcohol dependence — the two variants together exerted stronger genetic effects than either did alone.

Cannabis dependence. An analysis of 1,923 European-American individuals from 219 families by Agrawal et al. 200977 Agrawal et al. 2009
Agrawal A et al. Evidence for association between polymorphisms in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene and cannabis dependence. Am J Med Genet B, 2009 found rs806368 significantly associated with cannabis dependence (p = 0.05, Z = 1.92), with the minor allele frequency of 0.20 in Europeans. The TT genotype was the most common in cases.

Cannabis-related brain structure. The rs806368-rs1049353 haplotype was found to moderate the relationship between cannabis exposure and brain structure: in a longitudinal study88 a longitudinal study
Hill SY et al. Lifetime use of cannabis from longitudinal assessments, cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) variation, and reduced volume of the right anterior cingulate. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 2016, heavy cannabis users carrying the at-risk haplotype showed a 17.6% volume reduction in the right anterior cingulate cortex99 17.6% volume reduction in the right anterior cingulate cortex
The anterior cingulate cortex integrates emotion, attention, and executive control. It is a hub for detecting cognitive conflicts and motivating goal-directed behavior compared to non-users — substantially greater than users without the haplotype.

Alcohol dependence. A study of 298 male alcoholics by Marcos et al. 20121010 Marcos et al. 2012
Marcos M et al. Cannabinoid receptor 1 gene is associated with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2012 found that the TGC haplotype (involving the rs806368 C allele) was significantly overrepresented in alcohol-dependent individuals (p = 0.004), and a gene-gene interaction between the G allele of rs6454674 and the C allele of rs806368 reached p = 0.009. While this appears to assign risk to the C allele in an haplotype context, the independent rs806368-T/T genotype remained the highest-risk genotype in the broader substance dependence literature.

Nicotine dependence. Rs806368 participates in a female-specific nicotine dependence haplotype: Chen et al. 20081111 Chen et al. 2008
Chen X et al. Cannabinoid receptor 1 gene association with nicotine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008 identified haplotype rs2023239-rs12720071-rs806368(C) as significantly associated with nicotine dependence and Fagerström Test scores in two independent samples (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009), with effects restricted to women.

Impulsivity. Rs806368 was significantly associated with impulsivity (p < 0.0006) in a study of Southwest California Mission Indians by Ehlers et al. 20071212 Ehlers et al. 2007
Ehlers CL et al. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and impulsivity in southwest California Indians. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2007, where it was one of four CNR1 SNPs associated with impulsive personality traits — a risk factor for addiction vulnerability.

Practical Implications

Knowing your rs806368 genotype provides important context for cannabis use decisions. The TT genotype, which predominates in people of European and African ancestry (~62% globally), carries the highest documented risk for developing cannabis use disorder and experiencing cannabis-related brain structural changes with heavy use. The endocannabinoid system is particularly sensitive to external cannabinoids (THC) early in life, when CB1 receptor expression is highest and neural circuits are still developing. Adolescent and young-adult cannabis exposure carries substantially greater risk for dependence and brain structural changes in TT carriers.

For TT carriers, the specific substance avoidance implications are also broader: the same CB1 regulatory variation that increases cannabis vulnerability has been documented in alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine dependence contexts — a signal that the endocannabinoid reward circuit plays a general role in addiction susceptibility.

Understanding this genetic context does not change what cannabis does pharmacologically, but it does meaningfully shift the probability calculus. CB1 receptor expression shapes how powerfully THC signals are transduced in reward circuitry — lower baseline expression of the novel CNR1 transcript may amplify the relative impact of exogenous cannabinoids.

Interactions

Rs806368 forms a tight haplotype block with rs1049353 (the other well-studied CNR1 3'UTR variant; D' = 0.95), and research frequently analyzes these together. A second CNR1 variant, rs6454674, interacts with rs806368 at the gene-gene level to produce synergistic effects on substance dependence risk greater than either alone. Rs2023239, another CNR1 intronic variant, participates in haplotypes that predict cannabis craving, hippocampal volume changes, and nicotine dependence. Separately, the FAAH gene (rs324420 C385A) — which controls the breakdown of anandamide — has been shown to interact with CNR1 markers in modulating affective responses to THC and alcohol-related sleep quality, with compound effects observed in cannabis cue reactivity studies.

Genotype Interpretations

What each possible genotype means for this variant.

CC Low-Risk Expression Profile Normal

Lower-frequency genotype; reduced substance dependence vulnerability at this locus

The CC genotype has been consistently identified as the lower-risk configuration at rs806368 across multiple substance dependence studies. This reflects the paradox of this 3'UTR variant: the C allele drives higher expression of the novel CNR1 transcript, which appears to confer more normal endocannabinoid tone in reward circuits. The 2020 Tao et al. eQTL study confirmed that C allele carriers have significantly higher expression of this novel transcript in DLPFC, hippocampus, and caudate. In the cocaine dependence study by Nomura et al. 2012, the C allele actually showed a protective association in African Americans (OR 0.75). CC carriers in the impulsivity study by Ehlers et al. (2008) and the marijuana problems study by Verdejo-Garcia et al. (2013) showed reduced risk profiles.

CT Intermediate Risk Intermediate

One risk allele; moderately elevated substance dependence vulnerability

The CT genotype places you in the intermediate risk tier at this locus. In the 2016 Hill et al. brain structure study, the rs806368-rs1049353 haplotype (which tags T-allele carriers) was associated with cannabis-related volume reduction in the right anterior cingulate cortex — most pronounced in heavy users. CT carriers have one functional C allele supporting partial expression of the novel CB1 transcript.

In the Verdejo-Garcia et al. 2013 marijuana-problems study, the haplotype block formed by rs806368 and rs1049353 showed that carriers lacking the TT combination had a different relationship between impulsivity and marijuana problems. The CT genotype has been found in roughly equal proportions in cannabis-dependent cases and controls in small studies, suggesting a subtle rather than dramatic risk profile.

The nicotine-specific sex differences are worth noting: in the Chen et al. 2008 study, the rs806368(C) allele was part of a female-specific risk haplotype for nicotine dependence — meaning the CT genotype may carry nicotine-relevant risks in specific haplotype contexts that depend on the other CNR1 alleles you carry.

TT Elevated Risk High Risk

Highest-risk genotype; significantly elevated vulnerability to cannabis and substance use disorder

The TT genotype has been the consistent risk genotype across six independent substance dependence studies examining rs806368. In the Zuo et al. 2007 study (n=1,001), TT at rs806368 showed the strongest linkage disequilibrium signal for substance dependence, and the TT x SNP3-G interaction produced some of the most significant findings in the literature (p = 0.0002 for drug dependence). The Agrawal et al. 2009 study (n=1,923) found the TT genotype predominating in cannabis-dependent cases. Ehlers et al. 2007 found rs806368 significantly associated with impulsivity (p < 0.0006), with TT carriers the most impulsive subgroup.

Perhaps most striking is the structural brain finding: in the Hill et al. 2016 longitudinal study, the rs806368-rs1049353 at-risk haplotype (which tags TT carriers) moderated the relationship between heavy cannabis use and right anterior cingulate cortex volume — at-risk haplotype carriers who were heavy users showed a 17.6% volume reduction in this region. The right anterior cingulate integrates executive control with emotional reactivity; sustained reduction in its volume is associated with impaired impulse inhibition and heightened emotional reactivity.

The eQTL finding from Tao et al. 2020 provides the mechanistic explanation: TT carriers have lower expression of a novel CNR1 transcript in the DLPFC (p = 8.42E-06), hippocampus (p = 4.46E-08), and caudate (p = 7.29E-08). This lower CB1 expression baseline may leave the reward system more susceptible to recalibration by repeated THC exposure, consistent with faster development of tolerance and dependence.

The multi-substance nature of the risk (cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, nicotine) reflects the CB1 receptor's central role in endocannabinoid-mediated reward signaling — a system shared across addictive substances despite their different primary mechanisms.